Notes on:Rizvi, S. (2022) Racially-just
epistemologies and methodologies that disrupt
whiteness, International Journal of Research
& Method in Education. 45:3, 225-231,
DOI:
10.1080/1743727X.2022.2073141
[This is
the controversial special edition]
Dave Harris
It begins with a 'message of hope of the
possibilities of facilitating positive change in
the educational research landscape'. We have to
'disrupt current methods and epistemologies that
sustain racism' by embracing alternative ways of
knowing. We start with the principle of
incompleteness of all knowledges. We should
acknowledge challenging oppressive knowledge
systems, especially in the event of symbolic and
physical violence on a global scale. Educational
researchers should work together reimagine and
expand their repertoires. There already are
multiple pathways, epistemologies, theories and
methodologies, and existing research practices can
offer a 'hidden curriculum' that impose
'problematic racial stereotypes, or worse…
Racism'. That includes 'attempts to ban or
question the role of critical race theory' in the
USA, and we find, 'in a similar vein, the Sewell
Report, which 'rewrites the official narrative on
state of racism [sic] within the UK and denies any
form of institutional racism' (225). Somebody
called Tikly argues that this shows how
objectivity can be used as a tool to silence
knowledges produced by people who are often black
or indigenous: the Sewell Report claims to be
evidence-based and data led and yet it
systematically excludes research and academics
that identify institutional racism as significant.
Similar attacks can be found in other nation
states using 'different apparatuses for control
[references here include Mignolo -- see separate
file], evidence for 'epistemicide' — 'the
silencing of dissent and knowledges by way of
so-called "patriotic laws" (226), requiring
epistemic disobedience and delinking, a different
place outside of Western thought.
This is similar to the paradigmatic revolution
that scholars of colour have been asking for for
four decades, showing they have had little
institutional support, as when cultural deficit
frameworks have explained why communities of
colour have had poor educational experiences.
Contributors to this special issue want to
overturn this 'apartheid of knowledge', 'apply an
asset based lens', and show fresh and innovative
research strategies, epistemologies and methods,
arising from a commitment to 'racially just
educational research.
It is still not understood how research methods
can involve racism as an epistemic issue, how the
current traditions and contexts 'only validate
Western knowledge systems' which do not recognise
and so undermine epistemologies and methodologies
'developed by Black American, pan- African,
Indigenous, Asian, Latina/Chicano and Global
Majority scholars'. There is also research by
women of colour carving out theoretical and
methodological spaces of their own, challenging
gatekeepers who have guided formal educational
research and legitimate research in HE. They want
to develop racially just epistemologies and
methodologies grounded in ethically responsible
and social justice agendas. They want to develop
culturally sensitive research based on
experiential knowledge. Much of this is included
as 'critical qualitative enquiry', although, much
of this has been developed within white social
history and thus, as Scheurich
and Young argue are open to criticism from
racial bias: they need to develop new racially
just epistemologies from non-Eurocentric and
nonwhite social contexts.
The special issue has two central beliefs: (1)
whiteness in education research is sustained by
the epistemological ignorance of race, and
colonisation contributes to epistemicide, the
destruction of subaltern knowledge; (2)
communities of colour are creators of knowledge
and should be central in developing knowledge that
helps them to talk back to the Western
construction of their lived experience.
The journal received fantastic contributions,
enough to publish two special issues. Part one is
seven papers providing food for thoughts and
'nourishment for the soul' (227) they share
different and sometimes new epistemological
theoretical and methodological works and help us
rethink how existing methods can be 'more racially
just'. (227). The issue is deeply reflexive.
[Then a quick summary]
Carter and Jocson [I have notes on a draft] have a
theoretical framework that helps create the
performative nature of racial Justice University
statements and go on to show how epistemic erasure
extends to research methods courses and graduate
programs and research practices, advocating
breaking away to becoming unattainable and forging
new paths, using new methodologies of black
creativity using da Silva to disrupt
structural and strategic racism, which parallels
epistemic disobedience like Mignolo.
The second paper I have not read — it looks like
doing community neighbourhood research and the
ethical problems of making the community invisible
when they wanted to be named, while fitting
accessible texts with classic research outputs,
and squaring Latina feminist methodology with
classic academic research.
The third paper explores something called
'critical race feminist praxis' and builds on
something called Chicana/Latina cultural
intuition, looking at more personal accounts of
educational histories and representations of
communities of colour within children's literature
and libraries, to develop a counter narrative of
communities of culture and enabling participants
to contribute in their own way. They argue that
neutrality and objectivity marginalise such
communities by excluding them from research
processes.
The fourth paper is the one on trans-hip-hop pedagogy.
The editor claims it utilises a new framework and
talks up CSS and hip-hop pedagogy and
transnegritude — she particularly likes the
extracts which 'present YEM members views in their
own creative trans-hip-hop form: "you see we are
rappers in one way or another. You see, so this
our generation"' (228). This shows delinking and
how black and brown participants 'should be
portrayed as agentic'.
The next paper shows how avoiding colour in data
collection is effectively whiteness and why we
need a more intentional attention to racial
oppression. This is based on conducting interviews
with mentors engaging in peer mentoring and shows
how researchers need to be better trained to
address incidences of racism and micro aggression
during data collection. They were forced to listen
to '"minimisation of racism and racially coded
stereotypes during discussions of race -related
issues"' and this took a toll as participants
simply moved on during interviews. Practical
strategies are needed to overcome such 'colour
evasive narratives'
The sixth paper talks about the importance of
visual means in conveying race and racism while
methods are not visual. Apparently, during the
murder of George Floyd, 'the world saw truth
through undeniable and powerful visuals… A truth
that black communities in the USA knew all along'
(229). Visual elicitation tools should be used to
disrupt whiteness in things like focus groups
rather than permitting '"methodological
dissidents" and "methodological niceness"'. They
have used such methods to produce a meaningful
dialogue on racism, where groups of coloured and
white people were asked to watch a viral video of
a hate incident. He does warn of risks that
members of a community might be triggered and
further traumatised. {I would also like to see how
white viewers reacted -- with rationalisations or
denials perhaps, counter-claims, accusations of
bias?]
The last paper looks at particular Mapuche
women in Chile and the erasure and epistemicide
they have suffered. The researchers use indigenous
philosophy and ways of knowing, referring to
fighting for community rights and ethical
equilibria and interdependence. Physical locations
are also important, and research also involves
cooking food together and discussing schooling
experiences. Gatherings helped healing as well as
making memories. There is also a risk of revealing
intergenerational trauma. The researchers say
their research offers no generalisability.
So all the papers talk of the importance of
'recognising and centring histories of oppression'
and context, that reveal centuries of
'epistemicide and necropolitics' and a deficit
based understanding especially within educational
research. The focus was on transforming research
practice and providing alternatives as well as
developing critical and innovative race-based
theories, and looking at how racially just
epistemologies and methodologies affect the
relationship between researchers and participants.
We were to be informed and encouraged to think
about educational research. We are going to
explore these concerns further in part two.
Overall this was a liberatory project standing on
the shoulders of research giants such as Linda T.
Smith Norman Denzin and Lincoln and various
others. We hope to encourage the discipline to
evolve and adapt. Many people are to be thanked
especially wonderful academics who reviewed.
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